describe how epidemiological data influences changes in health practices

The downslope can be precipitous if the common source is removed or gradual if it exhausts itself. Personal characteristics include demographic factors which may be related to risk of illness, injury, or disability such as age, sex, marital status, and socioeconomic status, as well as behaviors and environmental exposures. Expert Answer Epidemiology is a discipline that plays a urgent part in portraying health status, distinguishing hazard factors, and exami View the full answer You will be subject to the destination website's privacy policy when you follow the link. Ongoing population surveys are important for understanding the prevalence of health risk behaviors in the general population. Accessing or collecting clean, valid, reliable, and timely data challenges most field epidemiologic investigations. Question: Describe how epidemiological data Cookies used to track the effectiveness of CDC public health campaigns through clickthrough data. Logistics, including budget, personnel, and timeline. Provide an example and explain what data would be necessary to make a change in practice. Provide an example and explain what data would be necessary to make a change in practice. Epidemic curves (Box 6.5) are histograms of frequency distributions of incident cases of disease or other health events displayed by time intervals. Instructions related to protection of participants (e.g., maintaining confidentiality, data security). You can review and change the way we collect information below. A more precise approach involves computing the average and dispersion of the individual measurements. For example, initial respiratory symptoms might indicate exposure through the upper airways, as in Table 6.2. Provide an example and explain what data would be necessary to make a change in practice. Responding to urgent public health issues expeditiously requires balancing the speed of response with the need for accurate data and information to support the implementation of control measures. For diseases or behaviors spread through personal contact or association, contact diagrams reveal the pattern of spread plus such key details as index cases and outliers. These cookies allow us to count visits and traffic sources so we can measure and improve the performance of our site. Take-Home Points: Internet-based surveys permit efficient data collection but should be designed to maximize complete responses. If this means that you must exclude the zero level, exclude it, but note for the reader that this has been done. WebEpidemiology is the branch of medical science that investigates all the factors that determine the presence or absence of diseases and disorders. Never mix incident with prevalent cases in epidemiologic analyses. A propagated pattern arises with agents that are communicable between persons, usually directly but sometimes through an intermediate vehicle. WebThis problem has been solved! For example, the map of spotted fever rickettsioses in the United States effectively displays multiple levels of risk for human infection (Figure 6.14) (15). Let's take The media can play important and sometimes conflicting roles during an outbreak. Defined as a symptom that improved while away from the facility, either on days off or on vacation. In 1951, the first conference of state epidemiologists determined which diseases should be nationally notifiable to the Public Health Service and later to CDC. Characterizing health events by time, place, and person are activities of descriptive epidemiology, discussed in more detail later in this lesson. Epidemiological research helps us to understand how many people have a disease or disorder, if those numbers are changing, and how the disorder affects our society and our economy. Identifies populations at increased risk for the health problem under investigation. Uncontrolled confounding or bias introduced in the association between exposure and outcome because of third variable. Involve interviewers in pilot testing the survey instrument and provide feedback. Stratifying seasonal curves can further expose key differences by place, person, or other features (Figure 6.12) (12). Influence of Epidemiological Data in Health Practices - EssayZoo During the 2016 epidemic of Zika virus infection, understanding the ecologic niche for the Aedes mosquito vector was important when investigating an increase in febrile rash illnesses (Box 4.2) (12). For most conditions, a time characteristic of interest is the secular trendthe rate of disease over multiple years or decades. As an alternative to using tables, charts (Box 6.12) (e.g., dot charts) (Figure 6.16, panel A) or horizontal cluster bar charts (Figure 6.16, panel B) improve perception of the patterns in the data, compared with a table. These graphs can include line graphs, histograms (epidemic curves), and scatter diagrams (see Box 6.4 for general guidelines in construction of epidemiologic graphs). For probability sampling procedures other than a simple random sample (e.g., stratified or cluster sampling), consult with a survey sampling expert. Length and complexity of the survey. Data security, privacy, confidentiality, information technology controls. To compare two lines, plot their difference directly. Collecting data during a field investigation requires the epidemiologist to conduct several activities. Although it is logical to believe that a field investigation of an urgent public health problem should roll out sequentiallyfirst identification of study objectives, followed by questionnaire development; data collection, analysis, and interpretation; and implementation of control measuresin reality many of these activities must be conducted in parallel, with information gathered from one part of the investigation informing the approach to another part. The media can be useful in alerting the public to an outbreak and assisting with additional case finding. NRS-440V Week 5 Assignment Combining Nurse Leader With Advocacy. Use separate, equally scaled epidemic curves to indicate different groups. New York: Oxford University Press; 2001. p. 61. The important attributes of a public health surveillance system can and should be applied to data collected in response to an urgent event (see Introduction). Ensures that you are fully versed in the basic dimensions of a health problem. Tabulate the frequency of clinical signs, symptoms, and laboratory findings among children with chickenpox in Cincinnati, Ohio. The wellbeing of people relies on several distinct variables. Solved Describe how epidemiological data influences changes The dot chart is the most versatile and the easier to understand, particularly as categories increase in number. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Epidemiology data influence in health practices WebEpidemiology is concerned with the frequency and pattern of health events in a population. Time has special importance in interpreting epidemiologic data in that the initial exposure to a causative agent must precede disease. Take-Home Point: Increase in an unusual syndrome (microcephaly) prompted government health agencies to coordinate efforts to collect systematic case data, develop a standard case definition to use across jurisdictions, and conduct uniform laboratory testing for possible etiologic agents. Use six or fewer tick mark labels on the axes. Ensure that overlapping spots are distinguishable. You will be subject to the destination website's privacy policy when you follow the link. of clinical epidemiology in medical practice In the United States, the legal framework for reporting infectious diseases to public health authorities for investigation and control dates to 1878, when Congress authorized the Public Health Service to collect reports of cholera, smallpox, plague, and yellow fever from consuls overseas to implement quarantine measures to prevent introduction into the United States (6). The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) cannot attest to the accuracy of a non-federal website. Is the objective to identify specific behaviors that put people at increased risk (e.g., cross-contamination during food handling)? Age-adjusted rates can be used for comparing populations from different areas, from the same area at different times, and among other characteristics (e.g., ethnicity or socioeconomic status). This will save time in the long run; many epidemiologists have learned the hard way that a survey question was not clear or was asking about more than one concept, or that the menu of answers was missing a key response category. Lack of generalizability because of selection bias, variable participation rates. Multiple factors must be considered when identifying relevant data sources for conducting a field investigation. Helps validate the eventual incrimination of causes or risk factors. The outbreak grew to involve 714 case-patients in 46 states; 166 (23%) were hospitalized and 9 (1%) died. The last three questions are assessed as patterns of these data in terms of time, place, and person. Use other intervals (e.g., weeks or days) accordingly. For self-administered surveys, the format needs to be friendly, well-spaced, and easy to follow, with clear instructions and definitions. WebEpidemiological data influences changes in healthcare practices by allowing researchers to explore certain populations and determine distribution and determinants of health, to initiateinformed decisions about the control of health problems (Hannaford & These cookies allow us to count visits and traffic sources so we can measure and improve the performance of our site. Epidemiologists work with other scientists to find who is infected, why they were infected, Many of these control measures, such as recalling contaminated food products, closing business establishments, recommending antibiotic prophylaxis or vaccination, and requiring isolation of an infectious person, considerably burden individuals, businesses, or the community. Illness resulting from exposure to environmental contaminants is another area of public health importance requiring surveillance. Your analytic findings must explain the observed patterns by time, place, and person. Home > Homework Answsers > Nursing homework help. WebHLT- 362 Topic 5 DQ 1 Describe how epidemiological data influences changes in health practices. Norovirus (GII) infection was confirmed as the causative agent. Describe how epidemiological data influences changes in health bDays from vaccine dose to illness onset Compute and plot rates for the smallest area possible. WebEpidemiological research has been carried out traditionally in the field on non-clinical populations and has sought to reveal the aetiology of disease. Epidemiologic data are paramount to targeting and implementing evidence-based control measures to protect the publics health and safety. < Previous Chapter 5: Using Technologies for Data Collection and Management, Next Chapter 7: Designing and Conducting Analytic Studies in the Field>. How epidemiological data influences Describe how epidemiological Commonly in descriptive epidemiology, you organize cases by frequency of clinical findings (Table 6.2) (3). Reduce embellishments that obstruct a clear vision of disease and potential exposures. The example spot map of a dengue outbreak uses larger dots to represent cases clustered in time and space and numbers these clusters to reference to a table (not shown). Reported incidence rate of spotted fever rickettsiosis by county: United States, 20002013. Changes in the shape of primary care, and the range of symptoms and illnesses managed by different members of the primary health care team, can influence understanding of: the epidemiology of disease in the community; the need for different health care services; and how primary care epidemiology is done. View the Describe how epidemiological data influences changes See answer Advertisement ah6129783 Data influences changes in health practices provide a Advertisement Advertisement Like the practice of medicine, the practice of epidemiology is both a science and an art. Epidemiology and the Delivery of Health Care Services: Methods Secure .gov websites use HTTPS bDuring the previous 12 months. You should match only one term per activity. Data from laboratories are critical for investigating infectious disease outbreaks. HLT-362V DQ 5 12 .docx - Describe how epidemiological data Source: Ajloun Non-Communicable Disease Project, Jordan, Unpublished data, 2017. Determinant: any factor, whether event, characteristic, or other definable entity, that brings about a change in a health condition or other defined characteristic. Sources of data and approaches to data collection vary by topic. These distance associations of cases or rates are best understood on maps. If the disease cause is unknown, this arrangement can assist the epidemiologist in developing hypotheses regarding possible exposures. In the example diagram, closeness and quality of relationships, timing between onsets, and places of contact are all displayed through different symbols and shading (Figure 6.2) (5). Use the most important epidemiologic features on which to sort the data. The definition of a disorder also tends to change over time, however, making estimates more difficult. provide an example and explain what data would be necessary to make a change in practice. Changes in technology also challenge data collection. Ideally, the findings provide sufficient evidence to direct prompt and effective public health control and prevention measures. Provide an The tables, graphs, and charts presented in this chapter have been determined experimentally to perform best in conveying information and data patterns to you and others. Coordination of epidemiologic studies (e.g., common methods, questionnaires), having a national database of PFGE patterns to identify outbreak-associated isolates, and an FDA product trace-back were key to identifying the cause, which resulted in a widespread product recall (and eventual criminal liability of the peanut butter producer). Describe how epidemiological data influences changes in health practices. Since this outbreak was recognized, the epidemic has spread through the mosquito vector as well as through sexual and perinatal transmission to multiple countries and continents around the world. But in the 1960's a possible role for epidemiology in the study of clinical practice emerged. In this example, nearly every peak of rainfall precedes a peak in leptospirosis, supporting the hypothesis regarding the importance of water and mud in transmission. Students of journalism are taught that a good news story, whether it be about a bank robbery, dramatic rescue, or presidential candidates speech, must include the 5 Ws: what, who, where, when and why (sometimes cited as why/how). If you need to go back and make any changes, you can always do so by going to our Privacy Policy page. Random or uniform distributions indicate that the exposure lies outside the group. Describing Epidemiologic Data | Epidemic Intelligence Service | CDC Close-ended questions could include cascading questions, which can be an efficient way to get more detailed information as one filters down through a hierarchy of questions (e.g., first you ask the participants state of residence, then a menu of that states counties drops down). Of note, administration of antimicrobials, immunoglobulins, antitoxins, or other quickly acting drugs can lead to a shorter than expected outbreak with a curtailed downslope. The continuing common source epidemic curve will increase sharply, similar to a point source. What Is Epidemiology? | NIDCD Epidemiological research Scatter plots are versatile instruments for exploring and communicating data. Outbreaks can arise from common sources that continue over time. Many of the steps to conducting a field investigation rely on identifying relevant existing data or collecting new data that address the key investigation objectives. Epidemiology is a scientific discipline with sound methods of scientific inquiry at its foundation. Provide an example and explain what data would be necessary to make a change in practice. Advancing the science of communication to improve lives. Cookies used to enable you to share pages and content that you find interesting on CDC.gov through third party social networking and other websites. Electronic health records (EHRs) appear to be a promising newer source of data for public health surveillance and for assessing the prevalence of disease or behavioral risk factors in the population seeking healthcare (22). Through this process of organization, inspection, and interpretation of data, descriptive epidemiology serves multiple purposes (Box 6.1). The last two factors listed in the box will lead to irregular peaks during the progression of the outbreak and precipitous decreases. These factors have potential impact on population health states similar to that of risk factors on disease occurrence. The field epidemiologist must understand the characteristics of the study population and their ability and willingness to respond to various survey methods (e.g., access computers and Internet-based surveys). Similarly, when the incubation period is known, you can estimate a time window of exposure and identify exposures to potential causative agents during that window. In other words, the clinicians patient is the individual; the epidemiologists patient is the community. In arranging analytical tables, you should begin with the arrangement of the data space by following a simple set of guidelines (Box 6.3) (1). Two important qualifications apply to person data assessments. The map is divided into population enumeration areas for which rates or ratios can be computed. In contrast, if the public believes an outbreak resulted from eating a specific food item or eating at a specific restaurant, that belief can preclude the field epidemiologists ability to obtain accurate data after a press release has been issued because it might cause self-report bias among study participants. A data space where the data are organized and displayed to indicate patterns. Epidemiological data influence health practices change, such as creating awareness on health crises that are likely to occur in a particular population. Participants came from throughout Oregon and other states, and were of higher socioeconomic status and technology-savvy. The range of public health control measures is broad (see Chapter 11). Minimize frames, gridlines, and tick marks (610/axis is sufficient) to avoid interference with the data. The feasibility of reaching participants through different modes. An analysis of BMI by age from Ajloun and Jerash Governorates, Jordan, draws attention to increasing BMI and accumulating overweight prevalence for persons aged 1875 years (Table 6.3) (Ajloun Non-Communicable Disease Project, Jordan, unpublished data, 2017). Provides timely information for decision-makers, the media, the public, and others about ongoing investigations. We take your privacy seriously. They indicate the association between two numerically scaled variables (Figure 6.15) (16). Describe how epidemiological data influences changes in health practices. After evaluating whether existing data can address the study objectives, the field epidemiologist must determine whether additional data need to be collected and, if so, what and how (Box 4.4). In contact diagrams (Figure 6.2, panel A) (5), which are commonly used for visualizing person-to-person transmission, different markers are used to indicate the different groups exposed or at risk. Many emerging infectious diseases are zoonotic in origin, so related data are needed. By law, most states require laboratories that identify causative agents of notifiable diseases to send case information electronically to state public health agencies. WebEpidemiological data influences changes in health practices in the following ways: These data can be used for the understanding of population-level disease progression. Official websites use .gov For example, overweight prevalence in the Ajloun data can be compared by using different education levels. Contemp Ob/Gyn 1982;20:14761. Epidemiology is the study of the patterns, causes, and effects of health and disease conditions in defined populations. The following sections describe certain kinds of epidemic situations that can be diagnosed by plotting cases on epidemic curves. Epidemiologists need to determine quickly whether existing data can be analyzed to inform the investigation or whether additional data need to be collected and how to do so most efficiently and expeditiously. CDC twenty four seven. Consider indicating the zero-level separately. Although the list comprises primarily infectious diseases, in 1995, the first noninfectious conditionelevated blood lead levelswas added (7). This tends to prolong waves of vectorborne outbreaks. Stacking different strata atop one another (as in Figure 6.7, which is not recommended) defeats attempts to compare the time patterns by group. Greenwood M.Epidemics and crowd-diseases: an introduction to the study of epidemiology, Oxford University Press; 1935. All information these cookies collect is aggregated and therefore anonymous. However, while the clinician usually focuses on treating and caring for the individual, the epidemiologist focuses on identifying the exposure or source that caused the illness; the number of other persons who may have been similarly exposed; the potential for further spread in the community; and interventions to prevent additional cases or recurrences. These cookies perform functions like remembering presentation options or choices and, in some cases, delivery of web content that based on self-identified area of interests. Provide an example and explain what data would be necessary to make a change in Epidemic curves for large geographic areas might not reveal the early periodicity or the characteristic increase and decrease of a propagated outbreak. Legal considerations, including statutes, rules, and regulations. Vital statistics remain an important source of data for understanding leading and unusual causes of death (e.g., childhood influenza-associated, viral hemorrhagic fever, variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease), and their timeliness is improving thanks to the electronic death reporting system, which many states have implemented (5). They are often different and have distinct epidemiologic implications. This is important so that we have a background, and average on these ailments that we may see within the healthcare practice. Existing data on health risk behaviors might be available from population-based surveys, but these surveys generally are conducted only among a small proportion of the total population and are de-identified. Equal rates of change in time (e.g., a 10% decrease/year) will yield misleading, divergent lines on an arithmetic plot; a logarithmic scale will yield parallel lines. The goal of this symposium was to take Because age is a pervasive determinant of disease and because population groups often differ in their age structures, age adjustment (standardization) is a useful tool for comparing rates between population groups (17). Six biologic differences in humanvectorhuman propagation affect the size and the shape of the epidemic curve (Box 6.7). Indicate an interval of 12 incubation periods before the outbreak increases from the background and after it returns to background levels. Epidemiology Informing Clinical Practice - Medscape Nowhere are data more important than during a field epidemiologic investigation to identify the cause of an urgent public health problem that requires immediate intervention. Although some existing data sources (e.g., death certificates) cover many disease outcomes, others are more specific (e.g., reportable disease registries). The x-axis represents a period of interest. Similarly, times of suspected exposures vary in their precision. Plotting only numerators loses the advantage of both the spot map (indicating exact location and detailed background features) and the area map (indicating rates). WebChanges in health practices might be influenced by the epidemiological data, especially when there is an outbreak and the available health facilities cannot meet the demand for Nonetheless, many epidemiologists still use the term disease as shorthand for the wide range of health-related states and events that are studied. Certain behaviors (e.g., drug addiction or mass sociogenic illness) might propagate from person to person, but the epidemic curve will not necessarily reflect generation times. For example, to detect a difference in proportions between two groups using a chi-square test, consider how much of a difference needs to be detected to be meaningful. First, epidemiology is a quantitative discipline that relies on a working knowledge of probability, statistics, and sound research methods. Organizing descriptive data into tables, graphs, diagrams, maps, or charts provides a rapid, objective, and coherent grasp of the data.

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