She admitted that she had left her sons house two times in the last eight months, but stated that this had not been because she had quarrelled with her daughter-in-law. 194259. Manchester Guardian, 2 Nov. 1954; Daily Mirror, 2 Nov. 1954; and Daily Express, 2 Nov. 1954. Christodoulides, who also serves as the Greek Cypriot leader, has been calling on European partners to support his proposal to involve a European personality in peace talks on the divided island, a suggestion refused by Turkish Cypriots who believe Brussels is not impartial. The island then became a British colony in 1925. Styllou had removed her daughter-in-laws wedding ring before burning the body and hid the ring in her bedroom.4 Despite denying the murder, claiming that two unknown men had carried it out, Styllou was found guilty and sentenced to death, becoming the penultimate woman hanged in Britain on 15 December 1954.5, Before analysing the trial and the stereotypes that may have operated during the proceedings, it is necessary to provide some background on British-controlled Cyprus, the centrality of peasant and family life in this society, and the development of the Greek Cypriot community in Britain from the 1930s to the 1960s, of which the Christofi family formed a part. Wedding festivities could last for over a week.61, Other than work and family, the social lives of many non-communist Cypriots revolved around the Orthodox Church and, while some early newcomers may have utilized St. Sophia in Bayswater, founded by Greek merchants in the nineteenth century,62 by the 1950s new establishments had evolved. Let'scelebrate Londons best-loved Hellenic evergreens too;Andys Taverna(a Camden fixture for more than 50 years),Aphrodite Taverna,Retsinain Belsize Park and theSappho Meze Bar a dinky favourite in Clapham. PDF Chris Papadopoulos Gerard Leavey Charles Vincent Factors T.N.A., CO 67/260/7, C. E. Campton to W. Collins, 8 Oct. 1933. 88, 1056. R. Oakley, The control of Cypriot migration to Britain between the wars, Immigrants and Minorities, vi (1987), 3043, at p. 31; and Smith and Varnava Creating a suspect community. This family-run Primrose Hill joint is everything you want from a neighbourhood Greek taverna. [citation needed], The most infamous Greek-American gangster is Michael Thevis, a multi-millionaire pornographer and convicted murderer based in Atlanta, Georgia, but with close links to the Five Families of New York City and the DeCavalcante crime family of Newark, New Jersey. [14] Notable Turkish mafiosi [ edit] Arif family Saraliolu Ailesi Alaattin akc Ayvaz Korkmaz Sedat Peker Philoxenia: The Greek-Cypriot Community of Palmers Green Cypriot mothers with babies, or children by themselves, were evacuated out of London, some as far as Yorkshire, Bedford and Northamptonshire. [accessed 22 Dec. 2020]. Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. Artisan Greek producers rule when it comes to wines and beers. F. H. Fisher, Cyprus: Our New Colony and What We Know About It (London, 1878), pp. Search for other works by this author on: The Author(s) 2021. A total of thirty-two Orthodox Churches existed in London by the early 1990s, for which see P. Panayi, An Immigration History of Britain: Multicultural Racism Since 1800 (London, 2010), p. 156. A group of Greek Cypriot protesters in the United Kingdom attempted to block on Wednesday the vehicle of Turkish Cypriot leader Ersin Tatar, who traveled to London to speak at an event. 1336. 1646. Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. . In 1949 the Cathedral of St Sophia was consecrated in Bayswater and to this day is the seat of the Archbishop of Thyateira & Great Britain, the spiritual leader of the Greek Orthodox community in the UK. Weitzman asked her if she had killed Hella, if she had strangled or burnt her, and to each of these she replied, Never. Most commissioners were from the Cyprus civil list, but the one constant was Sotiris Terezopoulos, a Greek who obtained British Cypriot nationality while in Cyprus and emigrated to the U.K. in the 1920s, becoming commissioner in the mid 1940s. Upon arrival in London, they undertook a variety of jobs, such as catering, though many owned businesses and others had trade skills. This article focuses on the case of the penultimate woman hanged in Britain, Styllou Christofi, who was executed in December 1954 for the murder of her German-born daughter-in-law, Hella. series producing documentaries on individual communities called Minorities in Britain looked at Cypriots through the example of Chrisostomos Sosti. The Times, 27 Oct. 1954; Manchester Guardian, 27 Oct. 1954; Daily Express, 27 Oct. 1954; and Daily Mirror, 27 Oct. 1954. The food is indigenous Greek, rather than Greek-Cypriot, with fluffy flatbread offered instead of pitta, and sharing feasts named after the home countrys provinces. 1612. Try another? This offers smugglers a strong market with high demand for their product. has a duty to represent you. 15192. J. F. Claxton, the prosecutor, established the facts of the murder.102 The proceedings continued on Thursday 26 August. 3257. In May 1938 magistrate J. The article investigates the nature of family in Cyprus and London and questions why Cypriots have received so little attention from historians, despite their numbers. 1415. For full access to this pdf, sign in to an existing account, or purchase an annual subscription. LCC London on Instagram: "'Son of Michael' is a photo series by BA However, many other (semi) organised groups operate throughout other cities, and even villages. Jones, Quickly to Her Fate; P. Wilson, Murderess: a Study of the Women Executed in Britain Since 1843 (London, 1971); and R. Huggett and P. Berry, Daughters of Cain: the Story of Nine Women Executed Since Edith Thompson in 1923 (Bath, 1971). However, the result is an intensely irritating hot mess, a London petty criminal story set in the Greek Cypriot community thats offensive, self-indulgent and stupid. Original reporting and incisive analysis, direct from the Guardian every morning, 2023 Guardian News & Media Limited or its affiliated companies. We went to the Greek Orthodox church called St Andrews on Kentish Town Road. Literacy improved over the next twenty years (in 1921 50 per cent of males and 78 per cent of females were illiterate; in 1931 41 per cent of males and 69 per cent of females were still illiterate) but rates remained very low for women.125 The teaching that they experienced centred around the inculcation of Greek Orthodox values. RECOMMENDED:DiscoverLondon's best kebab restaurants. The Turkish invasion and occupation in 1974 changed everything for Cypriots around the world. K.C.L., G.D.A., 27/AV2, Interview with George Sophocleous, London, 1980s. By 1972 the London Borough of Haringey had the highest concentration of Cypriots in the UK - approximately 40,000 out of 200,000 residents. Surridge, Rural Life in Cyprus, p. 25; Stylianou, Inner Life of Cyprus, pp. The invisibility of the Cypriots needs consideration first, as this group has received little attention from historians. Because when our voice is heard, they see that it will be accepted, they see that it will become stronger," Tatar said. After leaving prison, Antonagis fell into gang life in Londons West End. There is also a presence of organised crime amongst Pontic Greeks. Set up by a Cypriot chef and his wife in 1988, Aphrodite also pleases the Notting Hill crowd with its generous helpings of Hellenic food. L. Lee and R. Keene, We Made a Film in Cyprus (London, 1947). The Netherlands in particular, with its lenient view of cannabis use, has many dealings with international (and often untraceable) smuggling rings. London's best Greek restaurants - Time Out London 19206. You can sort of tell what kind of film writer-director-co-star Savvas D Michael thought he was making, given the lofty references to Homers Iliad in the plotting, Martin Scorsese movies in the dialogue, and Guy Ritchie in the casting given the presence here of Vinnie Jones in a cameo role. North London is still a hotbed for Greek eateries, catering to Cypriot and Greek expats hungry for souvlaki, kleftiko and gigantes as good as they taste back home. In 1952 the restaurant trade still accounted for 49 per cent of Cypriot male employment in London, although this figure had decreased to 30.5 per cent by 1958. T.N.A., KV 2/4400, File on Ezekias Papaioannou; and A. Varnava, Yusuf Islam (Cat Stevens) and his anti-war and pro-peace protest songs: from hippy peace to Islamic peace, Contemporary British History, xxxiii (2019), 54872. 'Death to Tatar,' Greek Cypriot protesters chanted as they tried to block TRNC President Ersin Tatar's entry into King's College, the Turkish Cypriot leader said after attending a conference on the Cyprus issue in London https://t.co/7qYxifasRA pic.twitter.com/frBjQ6pL2b, BUILT BY BDIGITAL | ADA CMS | POWERED BY WEBSTUDIO | TERMS & CONDITIONS, Turkish Cypriot leader cheered by supporters as Greek Cypriot students try to block his car at an event, Bahrain plays down Turkish Cypriot flag incident, Turkish flag pulled down ahead of event in Paphos, Nicosia scolds Budapest over Turkic summit faux pas, Temperature rise expected as weak high pressure dominates region | 10:20, Michael Kyprianou & Co LLC partners with IP expert Nick Kounoupias | 09:11, Police build disappearance case but no breakthrough | 08:20, Russian wave heads north as sanctions pick up in Cyprus | 11:15, Russian fire incident report delayed | 10:30, Police build disappearance case but no breakthrough, Michael Kyprianou & Co LLC partners with IP expert Nick Kounoupias, Temperature rise expected as weak high pressure dominates region, Russian wave heads north as sanctions pick up in Cyprus, Man falls to his death from Ayia Napa's famed cliff, Cyprus tightens criteria for immigration permit scheme, Probe into T/C businessman's acquisition of G/C properties in Varosha, Unsettled weather conditions expected in the area until Sunday, Media outlets jump gun on Russian fire probe in Cyprus, Labor Minister proposes compromise on CoLA issue, 3,000 Ukrainian refugees to be evicted from hotels by end of month, BBC chairman resigns over conflict of interest, Turkish Cypriot entrepreneur purchases hotels in closed Famagusta, Shriners director provides care to children in Cyprus, Search for answers in Russian fire probe continues, Akar singles out Menendez as Ankara cosies up to Athens, Police silent over alleged op to catch teen predator, Greek American think tank reaffirms Cyprus commitment. The Daily Mirror reported on the first days proceedings. The Constitution of the Republic, which came into effect on the day of independence, had its roots in agreements reached between the heads of government of Greece and Turkey at Zurich on 11 February 1959. W. H. Dixon, British Cyprus (London, 1879), pp. P. Payton and A. Varnava (Basingstoke, 2019), pp. Theyre Cypriots, you know, grease monkeys we used to call them our chaps all hated them. Many of the Federations current member associations were established in the 1950s. The couple had four children, numerous grandchildren, and even have great-grandchildren. Particularly large Cypriot communities can be found in: The National Federation of Cypriots in the UK is the official, representative body and acknowledged voice of Cypriots in the UK. Artisan Greek producers rule when it comes to wines and beers. The Waney family is renowned for Asian hotspots such as Roka and Zuma, but theyve gone all Greek on us with this smart, spacious and sophisticated Fitzrovia restaurant. She would have been 37 Years old on the 24th August 1954.1, Stavross mother, Styllou Christofi, was born about 1901 in the north-eastern village of Rizokarpaso, Cyprus, with the maiden name of Stylliani (Styllou) Nicola Parpotta. Traditional Greek & Cypriot cuisine. T.N.A., FCO 141/2348B, Cyprus Government London Office to colonial secretary, 15 Sept. 1954. Getentrepreneurial.com: Resources for Small Business Entrepreneurs in 2022. To any man of intelligence this may not be very significant, but to people with the ignorance and mentality of our emigrants, this is an indication that the public as a whole entirely supports this propaganda.88, While the commissioners comment on the origins of the majority of London Cypriots was true, the figure of 90 per cent may have been misleading. See the critique of Saids concept, but also its broader application to imperialism generally and the British Empire, in J. M. MacKenzie, Orientalism: History, Theory and the Arts (Manchester, 1995). The racialized bewildered peasant acts as a symbol of the complexities of emerging multicultural London. Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. Greek Cypriots. V. Saifullah Khan (London, 1979), pp. Varnava and Raeside, Punch and the Cyprus emergency; and Carruthers, Winning Hearts and Minds, pp. More space means a bigger menu, so also expect bespoke Gyros burgers (made from shavings of marinated meat), courgette fritters, Santorini tomato and herb croquettes with Athenian sauce and dessert treats such as flourless brownies. The number of Cypriots for 1921 is given as 334 in V. George and G. Millerson, The Cypriot community in London, Race & Class, viii (1967), 27792, at p. 277. John Davis (Containing racism? Treasured Offerings: the Legacy of the Greek Orthodox Cathedral of St. Sophia London, ed. Pamela Constantinides (The Greek Cypriots: factors in the maintenance of ethnic identity, in Watson, Between Two Cultures, pp. Various organized crime elements originating from Greece, This article is about ethnic Greek organized crime in general or ethnic Greek criminal organizations based mainly in Greece. 1722. She smashed Hella over the head with a heavy ash pan from the boiler. Statuettes, posters, plates, decorative gourds and colourful fabrics fill very corner of this happy-go-luckyGreek-Cypriot taverna, while clunking bouzouki music adds to the singalong holiday vibe. Ad revenue is Time Outs main source of income. The Greek mafia ( Greek: Ellinik mafa) is the colloquial term used to refer to various organized crime elements originating from Greece. 155. suffers in silence. One Colonial Office report from 1939 asserted that the majority of the 6,000 to 8,000 members of this community who lived in London in 1938 work in hotels and restaurants, almost exclusively in the West End Indeed, it is difficult to find a hotel or restaurant in the West End where no Cypriots are employed as waiters, commis-waiters, or kitchen hands.41, The Cypriot community in the U.K., mainly in London, increased in size regardless of attempts by the British government to control this population. Stewart suggested, however, that the Cypriots were not averse to murdering one another should occasion necessitate (murder being a rather frequent crime), arising perhaps from some old family feud.23, The ignorant descriptions that characterized the early years of British rule may have declined by the time of the Surridge survey,24 which built upon other statistical-based data-collection methods that had emerged since the British occupation of Cyprus, but the romanticized stereotypes largely remained especially in photography and film, such as the work of John Thomson, a pioneering Scottish photographer.25 Thomsons photographs were part of the establishment imperial gaze, as he also took pictures in the London slums and the Far East, including China,26 but the images of Cyprus that he took immediately after the arrival of the British offer a fair representation of the realities of the island, focusing on architecture, harbours and individuals (perhaps most famously the Cyprian maid), as well as rural life.27 While Thomsons book understated the role of the peasant, it reflected the concerns of British painters in Cyprus, whose subjects included landscapes, cityscapes, architecture, and images of Greek and Turkish peasants.28, By the interwar years the people of Cyprus had moved to the centre of the British and international gaze. The Greek and Cypriot Cultural Community and Youth Centre houses a Greek educational library in north London, including ancient, medieval and modern Greek books, and offers classes in. After much trying, Antonagis was eventually given a job at St Georges Service Station in Mornington Crescent. Ep 8 features Greek/Cypriot, Londoner Marina who's rise from youth worker to joint venturing, entrepreneur is astounding. A. Pierrepoint, Executioner: Pierrepoint (Litton, 1976), p. 401. Receive small business resources and advice about entrepreneurial info, home based business, business franchises and startup opportunities for entrepreneurs. UK Cypriots fought mainly in northern Europe, whereas Cypriots from Cyprus fought mainly in Italy and Egypt. Greek Cypriots | Encyclopedia.com London's Best Greek or Greek-Cypriot Restaurants for Mezze and Souvlaki - Eater London Where to Find Incredible Greek and Greek-Cypriot Cooking in London Kleftiko that falls off. 30 Apr 2023 18:03:16 J. G. Peristiany (London, 1966), 17190, at p. 182. Then comes a choice of full-sized dishes (beef stifado, moussaka etc. Despite this, the Cypriot family in London could certainly become dysfunctional, as the unit depended upon the economic activity of both husbands and wives and could also include parents or siblings.60 The importance of marriage found reflection in the wedding, which in Cyprus offered the peasant population an opportunity to celebrate in a calendar that otherwise revolved around Greek Orthodox festivals. The newspapers mentioned that Styllou would be the fourteenth woman hanged in the U.K. since 1900 and the first in London since 1923.113 On 14 December a group of M.P.s made an eleventh-hour attempt to save Styllou. Eastern Mediterranean charcoal-grilled goodness is the promise, and Hellenic dishes figure prominently from pork and beef keftedes (meatballs) with roasted tomatoes and Cyprus potatoes to grilled lamb leg with coco beans plaki, Charleston peppers and ktipiti (whipped feta dip). Stavros decided to send his wife and children on holiday to stay with her relatives in Germany, during which time he persuaded his mother to return to Cyprus.3, Unfortunately, Styllou brutally took matters into her own hands on the night of 28 July 1954. In essence, the construction of the memory of West Indian migration stems from a sense of betrayal.123 Other communities whether South Asian, African or Greek Cypriot may have faced similar prejudice, but they did not experience the same sense of betrayal.124, The Greek Cypriot community in Cyprus generally remained uneducated, with many fortunate to have even attended primary school until the age of twelve. Cheers! Activity is mainly focused upon the areas of cigarette smuggling and the trafficking of marijuana, hashish and weapons. They came for a variety of reasons economic, education, to escape the political situation in Cyprus. The M.P.s tried to see Lloyd George on Monday, but he refused, announcing that he had read all the medical reports, including one from a panel of mind experts set up after her sentence had been passed, and the M.P.s claimed that his refusal to meet them was unprecedented. 30131; K. Robins and A. Aksoy, From spaces of identity to mental spaces: lessons from Turkish-Cypriot cultural experience in Britain, Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, xxvii (2001), 685711; H. Abdullah and M. Sinker, Departures and Arrivals: Turkish Cypriots Who Came to England Between 1934 and 1963 (London, 2006); and P. Panayi, Migrant City: a New History of London (London, 2020), pp. Londoners may find amusement in trying to guess where the exteriors were shot. Evening News, 30 July 1954; The Times, 31 July 1954; and Manchester Guardian, 31 July 1954. In the United States, the term "Greek mafia" may include or refer specifically to various Greek American organized crime groups. For, Learn how and when to remove this template message, "Pathfinder.gr - ", https://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/pdf-files/Nats_Hospitable.pdf, " ! He explained the quarrelling between the two women essentially as a clash of cultures. Stavros confirmed that his mother had refused to plead insanity, believing that I am a poor woman of no education, but I am not a mad woman, never, never, never.115 The home secretary had also received pleas for clemency from priests and other villagers from Rizokarpaso (thirty-seven people in all).116, On 20 December Lloyd George announced that he had received advice from three distinguished doctors that Styllou was not insane or suffering from any minor mental abnormality to justify their recommending a reprieve. Stung when his romantic overtures are rejected by local beauty-cum-poker-hustler Lola (Lois Brabin-Platt, whose display of sass represents one of the films few amusements), Achilles goes into a sulk in Homeric fashion. 13146. The Daily Mirror ran with the front page headline Murder riddle in back garden.94 On 30 and 31 July the newspapers broke the story that Styllou Christofi had been charged with the murder of Hella, although news of her death actually reached the newspapers before the charge.95 The Daily Mirror ran with the story on the front page, and although it was not the main headline, its report included the first photograph of Styllou.96 The article appearing in the centre pages detailed the events leading to her being charged and described her as a little dark-haired woman, with stooping shoulders, who had stated that she did not understand the charge, even after it had been translated to her, and had asked to know why she was being kept in custody. Its small plates are pimped-up concoctions such as a Greek salad ceviche or metsovone croquettes (smoked fried cheese with rhubarb jam), while mains could be as traditional as moussaka. The history of post-war Black Britain focuses overwhelmingly on the experiences of people from the Caribbean to the exclusion of those from Africa, despite the significant numbers counted from the early 1950s onwards.122 The explanation for this state of affairs may lie partly in the greater amount of racism experienced by West Indians (but surely not in comparison with that experienced by Africans) and also in the sense of disappointment that West Indians felt when arriving in the mother country because, unlike virtually any other migrant community that has settled in the U.K., they believed that they were moving to the country to which they belonged and that had determined their education. T.N.A., CO 926/366, George Sinclair to Harding, 12 June 1956; and T.N.A., FCO 141/3808, Administrative secretary to deputy governor, 5 June 1956. It suggested that the improvement of irrigation had reduced conflicts on the land, as the storyline focused on the competition for resources between a farmer, Nikos, growing his own crops and tending his own trees with the help of his wife and children, and a goatherd, Vassos, whose animals stripped bare the trees of the cultivator.32, The British stereotypes of the Cypriots contained clear orientalist elements, if we follow Edward Saids assertion that oriental refers to the belief that certain traits characterize the peoples of the East.33 This was the case especially when those stereotypes concentrated upon the Ottoman aspects of the people and island although Nicos Phillipou has written about half oriental Cyprus.34 The concern of those who observed Cyprus therefore stemmed partly from orientalism, racism and a paternalistic desire to improve the position of the local inhabitants, as indicated by the wish to introduce irrigation. On those previous occasions she had been found not guilty of murder and guilty of manslaughter. Her solicitor, B. Baker, stated that they would consider an appeal,108 which followed,109 although she lost and did not appear in court at the hearing, which lasted for four minutes, on 29 November,110 with an execution date set for 15 December.111, The Hampstead and Highgate Express ran a long piece under the headline Mrs Christofi: cold and pitiless, focusing on an exclusive interview with Detective Superintendent Leonard Crawford on Thursday 2 December. The lack of a sense of betrayal may have played a role. In contrast to the growing African-Caribbean community after the Second World War,7 the Greek Cypriots remained largely hidden from view. Sosti had moved to London in 1955 with his five children. The Chicago Outfit, unlike New York City's Five Families, has a long standing tradition, dating back to Al Capone, of allowing non-Italian associates into positions of real importance and power. His sentence was two years long. Many of what might now be called Cyprus' forgotten refugees of the 1960s settled in north Islington. Today, there are currently around300,000 Cypriots living in the UK. He spent his time in the Greek cafes near Archway accompanied by his friend, the son of the Kray brothers chauffeur. See Cyprus Is an Island [documentary film, online] dir. The Maltese community in early post-war London receives attention in G. Dench, The Maltese in London: a Case Study in the Erosion of Ethnic Consciousness (London, 1975). Criminal clans can have their origins from all over Greece: Mafia groups in the bigger cities are especially involved in racketeering, the illegal smuggling of oil, money laundering, weapon and drug trafficking as well as murder. Exogamy and interracial sex were common in the first wave of interwar Cypriot arrivals, but it became rare among the early post-war Cypriot arrivals because of the fairly even gender ratio, the fact that families often migrated as a unit and the control of the family over the relations and marriage of their children, whether they were born in Cyprus or in the U.K.138, Although Styllou Christofi had already murdered her own mother-in-law and therefore destroyed the family of her husband as well as her own, perhaps she felt that she had a duty to protect the honour and integrity of her son. The concept of the bewildered peasant may not be applicable to the entire Greek Cypriot community in London, as migrants from this community came from a range of social backgrounds, but the vast majority had rural origins. George and Millerson, Cypriot Community, pp. Gambling has always been a staple of Greek organised crime, as well as horse racing, cards, casinos and black market dealings. He contrasted her with her daughter-in-law, a girl who came from a good home and was very methodical and scrupulously clean.112, On 13 December the home secretary, Gwilym Lloyd George, decided that he would not reprieve Styllou and that the execution would take place on 15 December. After a perilous journey, an odyssey, from the Mediterranean island of Cyprus, nine-year-old Antonagis Andreoustepped off the platform at Kings Cross station in the 1960s devastated and scared. 2653. Antonagis Andreou: I fell in love and that was that. (c) Meagan Walker 2018. These were incorporated in agreements reached . But Platos home life is only peripheral to the story, which mostly revolves around the exploits and hijinks of him and his crew, a motley selection of knaves, one of whom is a supposedly handsome and supposedly unbeatable scrapper named Achilles (played by Michael himself). With soft, kind eyes, his empathy stretches far beyond the words he says. RT @Londonmazza: Not a huge fan of Cypriot food but the meals I like, I really like Makaronia tou Fournou As the London Cypriots call them, MDF (T is pronounced D is the Greek alphabet) Macaroni, mincemeat and bchamel cooked in the oven (Fourno) Delicious . Whiteness may also have made the Cypriots invisible in the same way as it has Jews and the Irish, the most important and persecuted pre-1945 migrant groups in Britain and London,133 while the small size of the Cypriot community may also have had an influence. Detective Superintendent Leonard Crawford revealed that when Styllou had been charged, she had said that she had not made use of any petrol, but some petrol had spilled a few days earlier and she had stepped on it.97 Other newspapers provided much shorter summaries, with the Manchester Guardian adding that the coroner, W. Bentley, had opened an inquest that had been adjourned until 4 August and the Home Office pathologist, F. E. Camps, was still conducting the post mortem.98 Styllou appeared in court again on 4 August, when she was granted legal aid.99 The Hampstead and Highgate Express offered more information, disclosing that Styllou was represented by H. J. Rustomji, an Indian barrister from Cyprus who was on holiday in England.
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