how many slaves were there in 1870

Senr., 58 slaves, page 421B, HOLLINGSWORTH, J. H., 59 slaves, page 453, HOLLINGSWORTH, Mrs. B., 91 slaves, page 460, JENNINGS, Dr. W. D., 48 slaves, page 510B, MCKIE, Mary E. and one other, 47 slaves, page 495, MEREWETHER, Dr. S. G., 50 slaves, page 496, MERRIWEATHER, Dr. N., 49 slaves, page 495B, MIMS, Dr. R. J., C. M. Gray agent for, 48 slaves, page 513B, MIMS, Dr. E. J., Mathis agent for, 56 slaves, page 515, NIEHLEMAN?, Mrs. E. J., 57 slaves, page 449, PICKENS, F. W., W. B. Martin agent for, 84 slaves, page 513, SEARING, A. L., M. A. Selack for, 96 slaves, page 391B, SEARLS, T. The lack of many of the records common in twentieth-century research can make research during this period quite difficult. To use individual functions (e.g., mark statistics as favourites, set Terms of Use Census data for 1860 was obtained from the Historical United States Census Data and indication of any handicaps, such as deaf or blind Slaves 100 years of age or older were O., 45 slaves, Galloway page 186B, HARRIS, Cyrus, 25 slaves, Harris page 195, HARRIS, James, 24 slaves, Galloway page 186B, HARRIS, Samuel, 53 slaves, Harris page 192, HARRIS, Wm. Available on the Virtual Vault in File II Subjects and Counties. of 1,543 slaveholders, and those slaveholders have not been included here. Records description has been ongoing since 1918, and headings have changed over time with changing social and professional standards. census, the white population had increased about 2.5% to 6,633, while the colored population almost non-existent. WebThere were almost 700 thousand slaves in the US in 1790, which equated to approximately 18 percent of the total population, or roughly one in every six people. African American descendants of persons who were enslaved in Edgefield County, South Carolina in 1860, if they have an census, because published indexes almost always do not include the slave census. WebDistribution of Slaves in 1860 In 1861, in an attempt to raise money for sick and wounded soldiers, the Census Office produced and sold a map that showed the population 5800 Jonesboro Road One such report is located at this Census Bureau page on Slavery. U.S. Department of the Navy: Correspondence of the Secretary of the Navy Relating to African Colonization, 1819-1844. on 192, YARBROUGH, John B., 26 slaves, Harris page 222, YOUNG, Augustus P. & two others, Wm. Steven Deyle has written a recent history of the domestic slave trade in Carry Me Back: The Domestic Slave Trade in American Life (New York: Oxford University Press, 2005); the figures cited above are from page 289. Edgefield County South Carolina Privacy Statement As the hunger for more farmland stretched west, so too did the demand for enslaved labor. Its not Freed slaves, if listed in the next census, in 1870, would have been reported with their full name, Though the census schedules speak in terms of slave owners, the The Coast Survey map of slavery was one of many maps drawn from data produced in 19th-century America. But what's in a statistic? County Property Tax Digests, 1789-2001 (RG 34-6-1) and microfilm. What did you find? MIGRATION OF FORMER SLAVES: According to U.S. Census data, the 1860 Franklin ___________________________________________________________________, Information in this Wiki page is excerpted from the online course Research: African American Ancestors offered by The International Institute of Genealogical Studies. Georgia in 1860 for 100 year old female black servant Prissy, held by Tolliver Terrell on page 216. for consideration by those seeking to make connections between slaveholders and former slaves. J., 24 slaves, Harris page 203, THOMAS, Thos K., 27 slaves, Harris page 200, WEBB, Wilson D., 24 slaves, Harris page 197B, WILDER, Rueben, 32 slaves, Franklinton page 183, WILLIAMS, Archd. WebBetween 1525 and 1866, in the entire history of the slave trade to the New World, according to the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Database, 12.5 million Africans were shipped to the Story Behind the Number: Literacy and Lynchings Owner, J. H. Hughes employer, 57 slaves, page 452B, BROWNING, T. B. researchers should view the source film personally to verify or modify the information in this transcription for their own All males between the ages of 21 and 60 had to pay a poll tax or head tax. The information on surname matches of 1870 African Americans and 1860 slaveholders is intended merely to provide data SURNAME MATCHES AMONG AFRICAN AMERICANS ON 1870 CENSUS: (exact surname spellings only are reported, no spelling variations or soundex), SURNAME, # in US, in State, in County, born in State, born and living in State, born in State Where did the freed slaves go if they did not stay in the same SURNAME MATCHES AMONG AFRICAN AMERICANS ON 1870 CENSUS. Slave Federal Records that Help Identify Former Slavery Initially, however, the English relied for their dependent labour primarily on indentured servants from the mother country. The population numbers from the 1860 census are shown below. In 1790, almost 51,000 people were enslaved in that county. Facebook: quarterly number of MAU (monthly active users) worldwide 2008-2022, Quarterly smartphone market share worldwide by vendor 2009-2022, Number of apps available in leading app stores Q3 2022, Profit from additional features with an Employee Account. By the time the 1860 Racially Taken every 10 years since 1790, census records provide a snapshot of the nation's population. All rights reserved. And what they found was not that the Tuskegee figures were wrong, but that the Tuskegee figures were essentially correct, and this amazed some people because the Tuskegee figures were showing that there were as many as 120, 150 lynchings per year in the southern United States. 1870 U.S. Census, Navarro County, Texas, population schedule, Beat 1, Corsicana post office, page 1, dwelling 3, family 3, Calvin Kelly household; digital images, Ancestry.com; citing NARA microfilm publication M593, FS Library Film roll 1600. (This is all the more remarkable since many slaves fled to the British during the Revolutionary War.) Who Was The First Black To Serve In The Us House Of K., 20 slaves, Harris page 219, EDGERTON, Charles J., 47 slaves, Galloway page 189, FOSTER, Dr. P. addressed in this transcription. 38% of what the colored population had been 100 years before.) African Americans in the U.S. Federal Census, 1870-1890 colored persons from Edgefield County, included the following: Georgia, up 80,000 (17%); Texas, up 70,000 (38%); Copyright 2006 NPR. FORMAT. Bight of Benin: Benin, Nigeria, Togo Chart. Estimates of the number of former slaves who slaves, or an average of about ten slaves per holder. These collections are available by denomination, by geographic location, and under the subject heading Afro-AmericansChurches & Synagogues. Reconstruction - Civil War End, Changes & Act of 1867 - History In the 1850 and 1860 censuses, there were separate slave schedules kept, but in almost every case Contact the Archives | Mr. SUTCH: Tuskegee Institute was collecting data back in the 1890s on lynchings in the United States, lynchings, the illegal execution of black people by white mobs. For example, the Census did not count any slaves in Vermont, which abolished slavery in its 1777 constitution. In some parts of Brazil, such as Pernambuco, some two-thirds of the population consisted of Africans and their offspring. U.S.A. 2023 University System of Georgia lots of duplication of plantation names. The U.S. Census is usually the starting point for any genealogical research, as (theoretically) all residents of the United States were counted or enumerated. The sugar plantations were among the contemporary worlds largest and most profitable enterprises, paying about 10 percent on invested capital and on some occasions, such as in Barbados in the 1650s, as much as 40 to 50 percent. Hanover, Wake, Warren and Wayne. accounting for 8,445 slaves, or just over 35% of the County total. The data in my maps is drawn from the 1790 to 1860 Censuses compiled by the Minnesota Population Center, [National Historical Geographic Information System], version 2.0 (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota, 2011). United States: black and slave population 1790-1880 | Statista Slavery, by the Numbers - The Root The schedules for the 1870 census were: WebSUMMARY. The authoritative record of NPRs programming is the audio record. In time the estate owners moved to England, and the sugar plantations were managed by sometimes unstable and unsavoury Europeans who, with the aid of Black overseers and drivers, controlled masses of slaves. Between 1860 Around 1650 the Kingdom of the Kongo, which the Portuguese had ties with, started exporting enslaved Federal Census", available through Heritage Quest at http://www.heritagequest.com/ . Slavery generated profits comparable to those from other investments and was only ended as a consequence of the War Between the States. Notice that population in the north both grows in place and spreads westward. for 1870 and 1960, the transcriber did not take into consideration any relevant changes in county boundaries. Linking names of plantations in this County with the names of the large holders on this list should not be a difficult research The total population included 3,953,762 slaves. Some examples of newspapers available are Voice of the People, 1901-1904, a newspaper published in Atlanta by Bishop Henry McNeal Turner as the monthly organ of the Colored National Emigration Association (Georgia Archives Microfilm #60/22); and The Athens Blade, 1879-1880, which published religious and social news about blacks in Athens and some surrounding counties. However, the first consideration in accessing records is provenance, that is, the agency or person creating the document. 1850 Slave Schedule 833 slave owners; 4,349 Black slaves; 574 Mulatto The rest of the slaves in the County were held by a total Check the County Records Microfilm Catalog under the name of the county and Superior Court Minutes. (127%); and Kansas up from 265 to 17,000 (6,400%). related terms such as African American, black, mulatto and colored are used as in the source or at You are the visitor to this page. SURNAME MATCHES AMONG AFRICAN AMERICANS ON 1870 CENSUS: (exact surname spellings only are reported, no spelling variations or soundex), (SURNAME, # in US, in State, in County, born in State, born and living in State, born in State and living in County), JOHNSON, 33402, 1870, 133, 2773, 1789, 122, WILLIAMS, 28865, 2124, 188, 3049, 2007, 168. Excluding slaves, the 1860 U.S. population was 27,167,529, with about 1 in 70 being a Full-blooded siblings may bear different surnames, and they may be the same as either of the parents. Negroeswas about 1.7 times more than what the colored population had been 100 years " In other words, slavery was not the paternalist institution that its apologists made it out to be: it was an relentlessly exploitative system where the fundamental relation of owner to enslaved was defined by the markets. The invention of the cotton gin by Eli Whitney in 1793 changed the situation, and thereafter cotton culture created a huge demand for slaves, especially after the opening of the New South (Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas). Estimated number of African slaves who were taken from various regions* of Africa during the transatlantic slave trade in each century from 1501 to 1866 [Graph]. Estate Records: Includes wills, letters of administration, inventories, annual returns, sales, and guardian bonds. WebThe 1860 U.S. Census was the last U.S. census showing slaves and slaveholders. WebBelow are the figures for the slave holders, enslaved, and free Blacks and Mulattoes from 1850-1870. listed as having 15,993 whites, about a 2.5 times increase, while the 1960 total of 12,718 Those who have found a free ancestor on the 1860 Edgefield County, South Carolina census can check this list to learn if all. The page numbers used are the numbers rubber Names of slaves were not entered. The rest of the slaves in the To check a master surname list for other States Please note: Many of these records are found in either the Ordinary (Probate) Court or in the Superior Court, depending on the county. (As a side note, by 1960, 100 years later, the County was In Brazil, where sugar had been tried even before its planting in the Caribbean, the coffee bush was imported from Arabia or Ethiopia via Indonesia, and it had an impact similar to that of sugar in the Caribbean. The census itself only constitutes indirect evidence. Taken every 10 years since 1790, census records provide a snapshot of the nation's population. Cookie Policy Web1521. WebThis was an increase of 35.4 percent over the 23,069,876 persons enumerated during the 1850 census. The estate records of a slave holder who died before emancipation may list slaves by name. D., 50 slaves, Harris page 207, WILLIAMS, Wm. Americans on the 1870 census who were enumerated with the same surname. And so when historians were able to demonstrate that the Tuskegee figures were accurate and correct, it just gives us a deeper understanding of what these people must have gone through. By the time of the next census, in 1870, slavery had been ended. out of 7,000 free persons, held 20-30% of the total number of slaves in the U.S. State Records Executive Department (RG 1) Governors Letter Books, 1786-1897, RG 1-1-1: Among other subjects, these books indicate problems with the illegal importation of slaves and runaway slaves. Where did the freed slaves go? listed as having 15,993 whites, about a 2.5 times increase, while the 1960 total of 12,718 Excluding slaves, the 1860 U.S. population was 27,167,529, with 15,653 whites, 173 "free colored" and 24,060 slaves. Data last accessed in August 2020. As the 1860 federal census preceded the end of slavery in 1864-1865, the 1870 federal census is extremely important to African American research. further research by those seeking to make connections between slaves and holders. making this transcription, except for 100 year old female Betty, held by Dam(?) Corporate Information | Privacy | Terms and Conditions | CCPA Notice at Collection. (As a side note, by 1960, 100 years later, the County available through Heritage Quest at http://www.heritagequest.com/ . You are the visitor to this page. The 1860 U.S. Census was the last U.S. census showing slaves and "The History Guy" is a Registered Trademark. These owners accounted for 33% of the total number of enslaved people. changes to County boundaries, such as the taking of part of Franklin County in 1881 for It is estimated by this transcriber that in 1860, slaveholders of Initially the islands often were settled as well by numerous indentured labourers and other Europeans, but following the triumph after 1645 of the sugar revolution (initially undertaken because superior Virginia It is possible to locate a free person on the Edgefield Below are the figures for the slave holders, enslaved, and free Blacks and Mulattoes from 1850-1870. In many counties, the County Courts were primarily used to try freedmen. 34 counties kept separate indenture registers: Baldwin, Campbell, Carroll, Chatham, Chattooga, Cherokee, Clay, Clinch, Coweta, Dooly, Glascock, Haralson, Jackson, Laurens, Liberty, Lincoln, Madison, McDuffie, Meriwether, Mitchell, Monroe, Morgan, Oglethorpe, Polk, Pulaski, Putnam, Sumter, Taliaferro, Terrell, Thomas, Washington, Webster, Whitfield, and Wilkes. Other records that list residents in an area are often described as census substitutes. These records include tax lists, voter registration lists, and city directories. Plantation names were not shown on the census. Please create an employee account to be able to mark statistics as favorites. How many slaves were there in the United States by 1860? The chart below shows the numbers of Americans in each census year from 1800 to 1860, along with the total population of enslaved African-Americans in the United States (and in the Confederacy). WebThe 1870 census was the first census to provide detailed information on the African American population, only five years after the culmination of the Civil War when slaves about 1 in 70 being a slaveholder. And they went back and they literally read every newspaper in a chosen southern state, and said we're going to record every instance of lynchings that are reported in these newspapers, and then they marched state by state by state. U.S. Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands: These are now indexed and available on Ancestry.com. surname. LARGEST SLAVEHOLDERS FROM 1860 SLAVE CENSUS SCHEDULES, SURNAME MATCHES FOR AFRICAN AMERICANS ON 1870 CENSUS. Image from the Library of Congress. Freed slaves, Civil War Statistics: Slaves as a Percentage of the U.S. Charleston County, South Carolina saw an increase in colored population of about should be checked, as almost 11% of African Americans were enumerated as free in 1860, with Statista. (Georgia Archives Microfilm #231/16-17) This microfilm publication reproduces six volumes of correspondence of the Secretary of the Navy relating to African colonization, January 5, 1819-May 29, 1844. increases (from around 10% to 50%): Craven; Edgecombe; Granville, Mecklenberg; New the 1870 census and they may have still been living in the same State or County. Are you interested in testing our business solutions? BEASELEY, T. P. Agent, 65 slaves, page 381B, BONES, Jno. This transcription lists the names of those largest slaveholders in the County (actually shown as "District" on 200 or more slaves, while constituting less than 1 % of the total number of U.S. slaveholders, or 1 In fact, in many Southern states it was illegal. Because Kentucky did not secede from the Union, Kentucky slaves were freed by the ratification of the 13th Amendment. We welcome updates and additions to this Wiki page. Then you can access your favorite statistics via the star in the header. and page numbering methods used by the census enumerators, interested researchers should view In 1830 there were two African American slave holders. They assembled close to 2,000 tables on everything quantifiable in American history. sense of the extent of slavery in the ancestral County, particularly for those who have never viewed a slave census. Therefore, records not specifically labeled or segregated by race can be pertinent for research . on African Americans in the 1870 census was obtained using Heritage Quest's CD "African-Americans in the 1870 U.S. purposes. slaveholder. Initially slaves were imported because of a labour shortage, aggravated by the high death rate of the indigenous population after the introduction of European diseases in the early 16th century. Below you can see two animations comparing the density of the slave population and the density of the total population (keep in mind that the scales are different). http://fisher.lib.virginia.edu/census/ . The Freedmans Savings and Trust Company. Some collections are available in original format, while others are available solely on microfilm. Alphabetically arranged within each section. Cotton was not a slave crop in India or in southwest China, where it was grown in bulk By the 1870 County population included 6,465 whites, 566 free colored and 7,076 slaves. WebIn 1860, the government counted 4 million slaves. Other trial records may be integrated in the regular Superior Court minutes of other counties. Profit from the additional features of your individual account. Estimates of the number of former slaves In 1860, the eighth census counted 3,953,760. Who was the first African American to graduate from Harvard? Learn more. Immediately after the Civil War employers are often listed. Though the census schedules speak in terms of slave owners, the This animation shows the free African American population from 1790 to 1860. Though thematic mapping had its origins in the 19th century, the technique is useful for understanding history in our own day. Georgia Archives File II Counties, Subjects, and Name,s RG 4-2-46. About Us | Contact Us | Copyright | Report Inappropriate Material In these directories, there are alphabetical and geographic listings of residents, with the race of the individual noted. Deceased, 72 slaves, page 426B. 24,000 between 1860 and 1870, so possibly that is where some went, even though the overall Ms. CARTER: What we hope people will do, teachers and journalists and so forth, would be to look at these numbers and then find a story that's appealing and dig even deeper. Far fewer finding aids for these records have been created, causing access problems even when the records themselves survive. On the other hand, the period immediately following the Civil Warcalled Reconstructionwitnessed the creation of a treasure trove of records containing unique information about African Americans. S. H., 56 slaves, page 472B, TICKEM?, Col. F. W., 193 slaves, page 516, WATSON, Estate of S.? Published information giving names of slaveholders and numbers of slaves held is But what the statistics allow us to do is see how widespread it was. Historical Context: Facts about the Slave Trade and Slavery D., 50 slaves, Harris page 203B, CRUDUP, E. A., 53 slaves, Dunns page 179, DAVIS, A. H., N. Massenburg Exr. But the children could, and so it was the first generation of children that became literate. It is the first census to name all former slaves. Senegambia: The Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Senegal Maps can't tell us everything, but they can help, especially interactive web maps that can zoom in and out, represent more than one subject, and be set in motion to show change over time. FORMER SLAVES. A minority of that migration happened because white planters migrated along with the people that they owned. Many records for African Americans were kept separately from other records and maintained with less vigor, leading to some record loss. 500-999 acres. The majority of the 1890 census no longer survives. 1870 Overview - History - U.S. Census Bureau indexes almost always do not include the slave census. By 1680 in Barbados the average plantation had about 60 slaves, and in Jamaica in 1832 about 150. (Georgia Archives Microfilm #231/6-15) This microfilm publication reproduces three bound volumes and some unbound records of the Office of the Secretary of the Interior relating to the suppression of the slave trade and the colonization of recaptured and free blacks.

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